Post #22by rrrraygun » 01.04.2011, 20:42
I'd like to share two chapters that I wrote four years ago for the book that ended up as Appendixes. They explain how a speck of dust can, over time, accumulate mass from its gravity--growing into a star, growing til it goes supernova, grows as a neutron star, grows into a quark star, then supernovas again as a Big Bang. I felt I had to write these chapters in order to define things for myself and to make the Big Bang theory more reasonable compared to how it was taught to me in Physics class. This is how I came up with an idea of a sub-periodic table lifeform, the supercomet mold.
Appendix 1: From a speck of dust to a black hole.
A tiny chunk of random stuff floating in space that is large enough to attract hydrogen does. This tiny chunk of random stuff eventually collects a lot of this hydrogen over a certain amount of time the way a snowball grows as it rolls downhill. Hydrogen, being the smallest atom of the atoms, has only a single electron (that is always negatively charged) orbiting around a single proton (that is always positively charged). Being the smallest element, it is the element most easily attracted to small forces of gravity. Hydrogen piles up in a layer until it is so abundant and so heavy upon itself, the hydrogen atoms squish together to become helium near the core. Helium is the second lightest atom being two electrons orbiting around two protons. This chunk is now technically a star the size of our sun. 90% of a star's average lifespan in the known universe is spent growing to this size. Planets around these stars form in proximation of their densities. Earth’s stone-covered iron core, for example, has a very different density than Jupiter or Mercury, and therefore, accounts for its place in the order of planets in a solar system.
However, some stars will continue to grow larger. The bigger they get, the hotter they get.
After a while, this massive thing in outer space becomes large enough to attract and collect hydrogen to the point where those helium atoms will squish together to become carbon. More hydrogen will collect and, eventually, the carbon will be under such pressure as to fuse together with other carbon to create oxygen. Even more hydrogen will cause the oxygen to squish together against other oxygen to become neon in the core. Neon squished together with neon produces silicon. Silicon and silicon sulphur. Lastly, for a star, sulphur and sulphur will fuse together to make iron. Like layers of an onion, layers of these elements will pile up onto each other from the core out… decreasing in density outward.
At some point, in a very large star, the weight of all the iron squishing against iron in the core will overwhelm the electromagnetic force that keeps the electrons and protons in those atoms separate from one another, and therefore, cause the atoms to collapse into themselves. The shockwave from the occurrence of the electromagnetic force being overwhelmed (the protons and electrons slamming together to form one slightly bigger chunk instead of a chunk and a little chunk separated by an electromagnetic force) will cause an explosive release of energy and hurl pieces of the various layers out towards the various stars in its own galaxy in chunks as small as neutrinos (in massive quantities) to chunks as massive as planets, which will again eventually rest in orbits around other stars in proximations due to their densities. This implosion and then explosion is called a supernova. The squished together electron and proton is called a neutron. The 3 quarks that make up a proton normally have a +2/3 charge, a +2/3 charge, and a -1/3 charge. This makes a total charge of +1 which isn't surprising as protons are positively charged. The 3 quarks in the newly-formed neutron now have a +2/3 charge, a -1/3 charge, and a -1/3 charge, giving it a total charge of 0. This isn't surprising as neutrons are electrically neutral. The electron's -1 charge has effectively lowered one of the quark's charges by -1 (changing one quark's charge from +2/3 to -1/3). The gravitational pull of a neutron star left over from a supernova can be so strong, it will attract photons (visual light particles) that happen to be shining past within a certain distance. Neutron stars are commonly referred to as black holes. They too will slowly grow as they accumulate more mass that is gravitationally attracted to them. These have been known to consume entire solar systems and act as a hub at the centre of galaxies.
Appendix 2: From a big black hole to a big bang.
Neutron stars (black holes) can continue to attract and consume particles with its gravitational field and grow larger. At some point, the weight of too much neutron squishing against neutron will overwhelm the strong nuclear force between the 3 quarks in a neutron and cause neutrons near the core to become a quark-gluon plasma. The quark-gluon plasma consists of quarks and gluons which interact with each other in a liquid state in the core of what is now called a quark star. Normally, gluons cause gluons to interact with each other like rubber does with itself in an elastic band. This rubbery gluon glue normally causes quarks to interact with other quarks by pulling them together when stretched apart and being loose and non-effective the closer the quarks are to each other. Since the quarks have fractional charge in thirds, they normally electromagnetically bond together in threes. These groups of quarks (“hadrons”) in threes (“baryons”) are bound together for balance, similar to the way the three primary colours mix together to become white. These three "colour charges" bind together to total a zero charge in a neutron and a positive charge in a proton. If a baryon (a proton or neutron) gets close enough to another baryon, the “colour” charge within the different baryons will cause the protons and neutrons to stick together. This force is actually the gluon interaction. The gluons cause the “colour” charge, this three pole electromagnetic interaction. Gluons are carriers of the electromagnetic-like “colour” charge (a.k.a. the strong nuclear force) between quarks the way photons (visible light particles) are carriers of the normal electromagnetic force among electrons. Photons come from electrons and gluons come from quarks. The only difference, really, between a gluon and a photon is that a photon does not carry any sort of “colour” charge. This extra feature is due to the high concentrations of gluons orbiting around the quarks due to the gravitational pull of the quark upon the individual gluons. Quarks are many times larger than electrons, whereas the sizes of photon and gluon particles are practically the same. In effect, photons radiate away from electrons freely when the gluons act like elastic bands between the quarks and between the gluons themselves.
(Take a 15 minute break. Drink a glass of water.)
If a quark star becomes large enough, a dense ball of pure quark will form at the core. This core is surrounded by a layer of quark-gluon plasma, which is itself surrounded by a layer of neutrons. The layer of neutrons is covered by a “thin” layer of plasma made up of compressed electrons and protons as they fuse together. Above that, an electric field of beta radiation (high-energy electrons) crackles as heavy atoms fuse together, creating neutrinos and high-energy photons. The high-energy photons (a.k.a. gamma radiation) are pulled toward the centre of the star. Neutrinos continue to shine outwards without the effect of gravity imposing on them. However, neutrinos will not be able to pass through the solid quark core. Any neutrinos created from the star itself or from passing cosmic radiation will accumulate on the surface of the solid quark core.
As more neutrinos accumulate on the surface of the solid quark core, the quark core will remain its original size, the neutrino layer will grow thicker and thicker, and the quark-gluon plasma will continue to grow thicker and thicker as well.
The massive amount of neutrinos collecting on the quark core by the consumption of galaxies eventually causes the quark core to heat up to a point where it becomes plasma and melts the neutrinos at the surface of the quark core down to pure quark plasma with it. Quark plasma magma will make its way to the surface of the neutrino layer, expelling quark lava into the quark-gluon plasma. At this stage, it is the maximum size a star can get before it destroys itself. It enters the final phase of evolution, releasing the energy of the quark. The quarks at the very centre of the plasma core will finally reach the boiling point for quark plasma from the heat caused by extreme pressure under the sheer weight of the entire star. Convection will cause the plasma quark core to rotate, creating a pressure outwards in the star at the poles. Once it reaches the surface, it explosively expels highly-pressurized polar jets of pure quark plasma. This immediate shift of quark plasma from the core causes enough of a collapse to create the supernova of all supernovas. A shockwave carrying very high concentrations of neutrino/quark plasma, crystallized neutrinos, quark/gluon plasma, neutrons, etc., is sent outward. The dangerous force from this transition is known as the Big Bang. A galaxy may contain up to a trillion stars. A Big Bang can annihilate up to a trillion galaxies, something bigger than the size of our known universe. But remember, space is infinite and these Big Bangs will always be occurring somewhere in the universe.
Crystallized neutrino/quark comets are the result of Big Bangs and are rarely noticed by intelligent lifeforms. They initially begin as steamrolling chunks of debris, but eventually slow down enough to become part of other systems. They slow down by traveling past large gravitational forces of black holes as well as by running into normal particles which easily bond with the particles on the surface of the comets as they travel through nebulas and through the crossfire of cosmic radiation and debris. They will eventually adopt an elliptical orbit around a cluster of galaxies. Fragments from these giant comets will break off and eventually adopt their own sub-galactic orbits between solar systems.
The strange combinations of matter created in and near the cores of these massive pre-Big Bang stars will remain in large quantities on these strange comets. The unique mess of forged sub-atomic particle rarities will eventually combine together to form many different combinations in many different environments. They bind together as normal chemicals do in the Periodic Table until one ordinary day, when the acidity and temperatures and surrounding environment are just right… the sludge begins to move on its own - self-organizing toward a greater complexity, driven by a sub-atomic organic chemical reflex to bond with similar sub-atomic chemicals, growing….
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What do you think about this?
