I can't help with getting the problems fixed, but I can comment on 3, 4 and 6:
[I realize you know most of the keyboard shortcuts. I'm including them for people who don't. All of the necessary commands *should* be in the "Render/View Options" menu, but several are not

]
3. Unfortunately, Fridger's new star label code is incomplete. At the moment, a star label is visible only when all of 4 conditions are met:
a. Star labels are enabled (type b to toggle them)
b. the star is above a certain magnitude threshold (type [ and ] to adjust it)
Many of the brightest stars are labelled when "Magnitude limit" has a value of 6.5 or greater.
c. Any of the "OpenGL vertex program" render paths is enabled (type Ctrl-V to step through them)
d. the new High Dynamic Range code is enabled (type @ or shift-2 to toggle it)
(I call Fridger's code incomplete because requirements c & d should not be necessary.)
4. A galaxy's label is visible only when
a. galaxy labels are enabled (type e to toggle them)
b. the galaxy is well above visibility threshold; i.e. when "Magnitude limit" has a large enough value. (type [ and ] to adjust it)
On my system, for example, the label for M 31 is visible only when Magnitude limit has a value of 6.8 or greater. Since M 31 is the brightest, that means that no galaxy labels are visible from Earth at a smaller value than that.
6. Cloud shadows are visible when they are enabled. This requires either a celx command or for the "Show Cloud Shadows" box to be Checked in the Render/View options menu. I suspect it hasn't been added to the Mac's menu yet, although it is in the Windows menu. There is no keyboard shortcut to toggle cloud shadows.